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Sometimes models are intimately associated with a particular learning rule. A common use of the phrase "ANN model" is really the definition of a class of such functions (where members of the class are obtained by varying parameters, connection weights, or specifics of the architecture such as the number of neurons, number of layers or their ...
In machine learning, the term tensor informally refers to two different concepts (i) a way of organizing data and (ii) a multilinear (tensor) transformation. Data may be organized in a multidimensional array (M-way array), informally referred to as a "data tensor"; however, in the strict mathematical sense, a tensor is a multilinear mapping over a set of domain vector spaces to a range vector ...
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data, and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions. [1]
Wolpert had previously derived no free lunch theorems for machine learning (statistical inference). [2] In 2005, Wolpert and Macready themselves indicated that the first theorem in their paper "state[s] that any two optimization algorithms are equivalent when their performance is averaged across all possible problems". [3]
In machine learning, the term "softmax" is credited to John S. Bridle in two 1989 conference papers, Bridle (1990a): [16]: 1 and Bridle (1990b): [3] We are concerned with feed-forward non-linear networks (multi-layer perceptrons, or MLPs) with multiple outputs.
The step size is denoted by (sometimes called the learning rate in machine learning) and here ":=" denotes the update of a variable in the algorithm. In many cases, the summand functions have a simple form that enables inexpensive evaluations of the sum-function and the sum gradient.
The on-line textbook: Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms, by David J.C. MacKay includes simple examples of the EM algorithm such as clustering using the soft k-means algorithm, and emphasizes the variational view of the EM algorithm, as described in Chapter 33.7 of version 7.2 (fourth edition).
In mathematics, statistics, finance, [1] and computer science, particularly in machine learning and inverse problems, regularization is a process that converts the answer of a problem to a simpler one. It is often used in solving ill-posed problems or to prevent overfitting. [2]