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English: Biruni (973 - 1048) developed a new method using trigonometric calculations to compute earth's radius and circumference based on the angle between the horizontal line and true horizon from a mountain top with known height. He calculated the height of the mountain by going to two points at sea level with a known distance apart and then ...
Earth radius (denoted as R 🜨 or R E) is the distance from the center of Earth to a point on or near its surface. Approximating the figure of Earth by an Earth spheroid (an oblate ellipsoid), the radius ranges from a maximum (equatorial radius, denoted a) of nearly 6,378 km (3,963 mi) to a minimum (polar radius, denoted b) of nearly 6,357 km (3,950 mi).
Geodetic latitude and geocentric latitude have different definitions. Geodetic latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and the surface normal at a point on the ellipsoid, whereas geocentric latitude is defined as the angle between the equatorial plane and a radial line connecting the centre of the ellipsoid to a point on the surface (see figure).
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10 cm = 1.0 dm – wavelength of the highest UHF radio frequency, 3 GHz; 12 cm = 1.2 dm – wavelength of the 2.45 GHz ISM radio band; 21 cm = 2.1 dm – wavelength of the 1.4 GHz hydrogen emission line, a hyperfine transition of the hydrogen atom; 100 cm = 10 dm – wavelength of the lowest UHF radio frequency, 300 MHz
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The Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system (acronym ECEF), also known as the geocentric coordinate system, is a cartesian spatial reference system that represents locations in the vicinity of the Earth (including its surface, interior, atmosphere, and surrounding outer space) as X, Y, and Z measurements from its center of mass.
The Earth's shape deviates from spherical by flattening, but by only about 0.3%. Measurement of Earth's circumference has been important to navigation since ancient times. In modern times, Earth's circumference has been used to define fundamental units of measurement of length: the nautical mile in the seventeenth century and the metre in the ...