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Using on-camera flash will give a very harsh light, which results in a loss of shadows in the image, because the only lightsource is in practically the same place as the camera. Balancing the flash power and ambient lighting or using off-camera flash can help overcome these issues. Using an umbrella or softbox (the flash will have to be off ...
Off-camera flash. OOF or OoF: Out of focus, Out of Frame. OVF: Optical viewfinder. The picture is framed on the focusing screen of a through-the-lens optical viewfinder, as found on [D]SLR cameras, or in a look-through-viewfinder, as found on rangefinder cameras. PC: Prontor-Compur.
Nikon refers to this technique as "3D matrix metering", although different camera manufacturers use different terms for this technique. Canon incorporated this technique in E-TTL II. More advanced TTL flash techniques include off-camera flash lighting, where one or more flash units are located at different locations around the subject.
This means the flash cannot be quenched during the exposure, which can lead to overexposure if the lighting changes while the shutter is open, e.g. from a mirrored surface moving to reflect light directly back into the lens or another camera's flash going off at the same time.
Either the flash is firing too late or the shutter speed is too fast (shutter moving vertically). Note the different exposure levels. In photography, flash synchronization or flash sync is the synchronizing the firing of a photographic flash with the opening of the shutter admitting light to photographic film or electronic image sensor. PC-socket
The hot shoe is shaped somewhat like an inverted, squared-off "U" of metal. The matching adapter on the bottom of the flash unit slides in from the back of the camera and is sometimes secured by a clamping screw or sliding clamp on the flash. In the center of the "U" is a metal contact point.
Guide number distances are always measured from the flash device to the subject; if the flash device is detached from the camera, the position of the camera is irrelevant. Furthermore, unless a flash device has an automatic zoom feature that follows the setting of a camera's zoom lens, guide numbers do not vary with the focal length of lenses.
Text mode increases in-camera sharpening to allow to photograph texts. Portrait mode widens the aperture to throw the background out of focus (see Bokeh). The camera may recognize and focus on a human face. Night portrait modes use an exposure long enough to capture background detail, with fill-in flash to illuminate a nearby subject.