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A solution to Kirkman's schoolgirl problem with vertices denoting girls and colours denoting days of the week [1]. Kirkman's schoolgirl problem is a problem in combinatorics proposed by Thomas Penyngton Kirkman in 1850 as Query VI in The Lady's and Gentleman's Diary (pg.48).
Combinatorics is an area of mathematics primarily concerned with counting, both as a means and as an end to obtaining results, and certain properties of finite structures.It is closely related to many other areas of mathematics and has many applications ranging from logic to statistical physics and from evolutionary biology to computer science.
This process is then repeated until the desired number of building blocks is added, generating many compounds. When synthesizing a library of compounds by a multi-step synthesis, efficient reaction methods must be employed, and if traditional purification methods are used after each reaction step, yields and efficiency will suffer.
The chart below is similar to the chart above, but instead of showing the formulas, it gives an intuitive understanding of their meaning using the familiar balls and boxes example. The rows represent the distinctness of the balls and boxes. The columns represent if multi-packs (more than one ball in one box), or empty boxes are allowed.
In combinatorics, Bertrand's ballot problem is the question: "In an election where candidate A receives p votes and candidate B receives q votes with p > q, what is the probability that A will be strictly ahead of B throughout the count under the assumption that votes are counted in a randomly picked order?" The answer is
The three-choose-two combination yields two results, depending on whether a bin is allowed to have zero items. In both results the number of bins is 3. If zero is not allowed, the number of cookies should be n = 6, as described in the previous figure. If zero is allowed, the number of cookies should only be n = 3.
The following example, due to Marshall Hall Jr., shows that the marriage condition will not guarantee the existence of a transversal in an infinite family in which infinite sets are allowed. Let F {\displaystyle {\mathcal {F}}} be the family, A 0 = N {\displaystyle A_{0}=\mathbb {N} } , A i = { i − 1 } {\displaystyle A_{i}=\{i-1\}} for i ≥ ...
In the celebrated application of counting trees (see below) and acyclic molecules, an arrangement of "colored beads" is actually an arrangement of arrangements, such as branches of a rooted tree. Thus the generating function f for the colors is derived from the generating function F for arrangements, and the Pólya enumeration theorem becomes a ...