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These injuries often affect the fingers, toes, nose, and ears since they are less commonly covered by clothing when in cold environments. [1] Affected skin becomes numb, turns white or blue, and develops blisters. [1] Frostnip is a superficial skin injury that won't freeze the skin or cause long-term damage. [8]
The pathological mechanism by which frostbite causes body tissue injury can be characterized by four stages: Prefreeze, freeze-thaw, vascular stasis, and the late ischemic stage. [16] Prefreeze phase: involves the cooling of tissues without ice crystal formation. [16] Freeze-thaw phase: ice-crystals form, resulting in cellular damage and death ...
Non-freezing cold injuries (NFCI) is a class of tissue damage caused by sustained exposure to low temperature without actual freezing. [1] There are several forms of NFCI, and the common names may refer to the circumstances in which they commonly occur or were first described, such as trench foot, which was named after its association with trench warfare.
Canada has surpassed the United States as the most expensive country for treating winter sports injuries, at an average cost of £7,267. The average claim in Canada has risen by 25 per cent or £ ...
Breathing in dirty mist can cause flu-like symptoms and more serious infection. People with allergies or asthma may experience increased symptoms due to dirty humidifiers.
Skin conditions resulting from physical factors occur from a number of causes, including, but not limited to, hot and cold temperatures, friction, and moisture. [34] [102] [103] Abrasion; Acrocyanosis
“Norovirus is the leading cause of vomiting and diarrhea from acute gastroenteritis in the U.S., responsible for 58% of foodborne illnesses and about 2,500 outbreaks annually,” Justman says.
The neck, including the pharynx and larynx, is highly vulnerable to injury due to its complex, compacted anatomy. Injuries to this area can cause airway obstruction. [57] Ingestion of corrosive chemicals can cause chemical burns to the larynx. [19] Inhalation of toxic materials can also cause serious injury to the respiratory tract. [21]