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A contrast is defined as the sum of each group mean multiplied by a coefficient for each group (i.e., a signed number, c j). [10] In equation form, = ¯ + ¯ + + ¯ ¯, where L is the weighted sum of group means, the c j coefficients represent the assigned weights of the means (these must sum to 0 for orthogonal contrasts), and ¯ j represents the group means. [8]
Example of orthogonal factorial design Orthogonality concerns the forms of comparison (contrasts) that can be legitimately and efficiently carried out. Contrasts can be represented by vectors and sets of orthogonal contrasts are uncorrelated and independently distributed if the data are normal.
An inherent advantage of the orthogonal geometry of a proper grid is its tendency to yield regular lots in well-packed sequences. This maximizes the use of the land of the block; it does not, however, affect street frequency. Any frequency of orthogonal streets produces the same packing effect. Orthogonal geometry also minimizes disputes over ...
Instances: Mosaic plots (also known as Marimekko, or Mekko, charts) Projected (1) frequency and (2) intensity of extreme "10-year heat waves" are connected in pairs of horizontal and vertical bars, respectively. Bars are distinguished by (3) color-coded primary category (degree of global warming). Orthogonal (orthogonal composite) bar chart
Similarly, the two contrast vectors for B depend only on the level of factor B, namely the second component of "cell", so they belong to the main effect of B. The last four column vectors belong to the A × B interaction, as their entries depend on the values of both factors, and as all four columns are orthogonal to the columns for A and B.
Coding Factor Levels: Transforming the scale of measurement for a factor so that the high value becomes +1 and the low value becomes -1 (see scaling). After coding all factors in a 2-level full factorial experiment, the design matrix has all orthogonal columns. Coding is a simple linear transformation of the original measurement scale.
To entangle diffusion and relaxation effects on image contrast, one may obtain quantitative images of the diffusion coefficient, or more exactly the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). The ADC concept was introduced to take into account the fact that the diffusion process is complex in biological tissues and reflects several different mechanisms.
SPECT visualized by a MIP of a mouse Types of presentations of CT scans: - Average intensity projection - Maximum intensity projection - Thin slice (median plane)- Volume rendering by high and low threshold for radiodensity.