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The first of the cooling load factors used in this method is the CLTD, or the Cooling Load Temperature Difference. This factor is used to represent the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor air with the inclusion of the heating effects of solar radiation. [1] [5] The second factor is the CLF, or the cooling load factor.
The range equation reduces to: = where =; here is the specific heat constant of air 287.16 J/kg K (based on aviation standards) and = / = (derived from = and = +). c p {\displaystyle c_{p}} and c v {\displaystyle c_{v}} are the specific heat capacities of air at constant pressure and constant volume respectively.
Crack growth equations are used to predict the crack size starting from a given initial flaw and are typically based on experimental data obtained from constant amplitude fatigue tests. One of the earliest crack growth equations based on the stress intensity factor range of a load cycle is the Paris–Erdogan equation [2]
In a 1961 paper, P. C. Paris introduced the idea that the rate of crack growth may depend on the stress intensity factor. [4] Then in their 1963 paper, Paris and Erdogan indirectly suggested the equation with the aside remark "The authors are hesitant but cannot resist the temptation to draw the straight line slope 1/4 through the data" after reviewing data on a log-log plot of crack growth ...
The "chart" actually consists of a pair of charts: one, the individuals chart, displays the individual measured values; the other, the moving range chart, displays the difference from one point to the next.
Above this point the material behaves plastically and will not return to its original length once the load is removed. There is a difference between the engineering stress and the true stress. By its basic definition the uniaxial stress is given by: ´ =, where F is load applied [N] and A is area [m 2].
A crane's rated load is its Safe Working Load (SWL) and the design load (DL) is, (p 90) [1] = The dynamic lift factor for offshore cranes in the range 10 kN < SWL ≤ 2500 kN is not less than =.(p 84) [1] Thus for a crane with a SWL of 2000 kN (~200 tonne) its design load is not less than, = = The minimum breaking load (MBL) for the combined capacity of reeves of a steel wire hoisting rope ...
The flow stress is an important parameter in the fatigue failure of ductile materials. Fatigue failure is caused by crack propagation in materials under a varying load, typically a cyclically varying load. The rate of crack propagation is inversely proportional to the flow stress of the material.