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The Laporte rule is a selection rule formally stated as follows: In a centrosymmetric environment, transitions between like atomic orbitals such as s-s, p-p, d-d, or f-f, transitions are forbidden. The Laporte rule (law) applies to electric dipole transitions , so the operator has u symmetry (meaning ungerade , odd).
The remaining two integrals contributing to the probability amplitude determine the electronic spatial and spin selection rules. The Franck–Condon principle is a statement on allowed vibrational transitions between two different electronic states; other quantum mechanical selection rules may lower the probability of a transition or prohibit ...
The Laporte rule is a rule that explains the intensities of absorption spectra for chemical species. It is a selection rule that rigorously applies to atoms, and to molecules that are centrosymmetric, i.e. with an inversion centre. It states that electronic transitions that conserve parity are forbidden. Thus transitions between two states that ...
The lightest atom that requires the second rule to determine the ground state term is titanium (Ti, Z = 22) with electron configuration 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 2 4s 2. In this case the open shell is 3d 2 and the allowed terms include three singlets ( 1 S, 1 D, and 1 G) and two triplets ( 3 P and 3 F).
Together with the selection rules for an electric dipole transition, i.e., =, =, =, =, this allows to ignore the spin degree of freedom altogether. As a result, only three spectral lines will be visible, corresponding to the Δ m l = 0 , ± 1 {\displaystyle \Delta m_{l}=0,\pm 1} selection rule.
For example, when a ±15° plume dispersed around the axis of the lens is served to a 30 mm long and 1 mm wide slit, each millimeter of the slit receives a 1° portion—in both directions; but at the detector the other direction is interpreted as the electron's kinetic energy and the emission angle information is lost.
These selection rules can be used for any crystal with the given crystal structure. KCl has a face-centered cubic Bravais lattice . However, the K + and the Cl − ion have the same number of electrons and are quite close in size, so that the diffraction pattern becomes essentially the same as for a simple cubic structure with half the lattice ...
A Grotrian diagram, or term diagram, shows the allowed electronic transitions between the energy levels of atoms. They can be used for one-electron and multi-electron atoms. They take into account the specific selection rules related to changes in angular momentum of the electron.