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Cross-layer optimization is an escape from the pure waterfall-like concept of the OSI communications model with virtually strict boundaries between layers. The cross layer approach transports feedback dynamically via the layer boundaries to enable the compensation for overload, latency or other mismatch of requirements and resources by any control input to another layer, but that layer ...
OSI layer 2 (data link layer, e.g. Ethernet frame in LANs or multi-link PPP in WANs, Ethernet MAC address) aggregation typically occurs across switch ports, which can be either physical ports or virtual ones managed by an operating system. Aggregation at layer 3 (network layer) in the OSI model can use round-robin scheduling, hash values ...
This updated primer on DeFi explains Ethereum, layer 1s and Layer 2, top projects, and governance.
At each functional layer of the network protocol, after minimizing the maximal load of links, the bottlenecks of the layer are discovered in a bottleneck detection process. At each iteration of the detection loop, we minimize the sending of traffic over all links having maximal loading, and being suspected as bottlenecks.
The existence of multiple layers (or dimensions) allows to introduce the new concept of network of layers, [3] peculiar of multilayer networks. In fact, layers might be interconnected in such a way that their structure can be described by a network, as shown in the figure. Network of layers in multilayer systems. The network of layers is ...
Network load balancing is the ability to balance traffic across two or more WAN links without using complex routing protocols like BGP.. This capability balances network sessions like Web, email, etc. over multiple connections in order to spread out the amount of bandwidth used by each LAN user, thus increasing the total amount of bandwidth available.
Switching uses different kinds of network switches. A standard switch is known as a layer-2 switch and is commonly found in nearly any LAN. Layer-3 or layer-4 switches require advanced technology (see managed switch) and are more expensive and thus are usually only found in larger LANs or in special network environments.
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