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Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), also called hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), is a severe respiratory disease caused by hantaviruses. The main features of illness are microvascular leakage and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Symptoms occur anywhere from 1 to 8 weeks after exposure to the virus and come in three distinct phases.
[2] [3] Symptoms of this infection vary greatly, but the disease affects primarily the lungs. [4] Occasionally, other organs are affected; called disseminated histoplasmosis, it can be fatal if left untreated. H. capsulatum is found in soil, often associated with decaying bat guano or bird droppings. Disruption of soil from excavation or ...
Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by the bacterium Leptospira [8] that can infect humans, dogs, rodents and many other wild and domesticated animals. [8] Signs and symptoms can range from none to mild (headaches, muscle pains, and fevers) to severe (bleeding in the lungs or meningitis). [5]
They can survive for 10 days at room temperature, [2] 15 days in a temperate environment, [8] and more than 18 days at 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit), which aids in the transmission of the virus. [2] Environmental conditions favorable to the reproduction and spread of rodents are known to increase disease transmission. [3]
Although the disease was feared by many to be contagious during the 1993 outbreak, human-to-human transmission of the Sin Nombre virus has never been observed. Infection remains rare—about 10–50 cases of HPS occur each year in the US, most in spring and early summer and mainly in southwestern states.
Transmission to humans occurs mainly through the inhalation of aerosols that contain mouse saliva, urine, or feces. [4] [6] Transmission can also occur through consumption of contaminated food, bites, and scratches. Antibodies to Sin Nombre virus have been detected in cats and dogs, but the role of these animals as hosts is unknown. [5]
In 1996, the marsh rice rat, which is seen in marshes in the southeast and mountain streams in the northeast, was identified as the natural reservoir of the virus. Due to the virus being first identified in Louisiana, this indicated the virus to be widespread throughout the Southeastern United States. This hantavirus disease is known as a ...
Transmission to humans occurs mainly through the inhalation of aerosols that contain mouse salivas, urine, or feces. [5] [6] Transmission can also occur through consumption of contaminated food, bites, and scratches. [4] Human-to-human transmission of Andes virus was first claimed to be a part of a 1996 outbreak in southern Argentina.