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Utilization management is "a set of techniques used by or on behalf of purchasers of health care benefits to manage health care costs by influencing patient care decision-making through case-by-case assessments of the appropriateness of care prior to its provision," as defined by the Institute of Medicine [1] Committee on Utilization Management by Third Parties (1989; IOM is now the National ...
Prior authorization, or preauthorization, [1] is a utilization management process used by some health insurance companies in the United States to determine if they will cover a prescribed procedure, service, or medication.
Selling insurance products under UnitedHealthcare, and health care services under the Optum brand, it is the world's ninth-largest company by revenue and the largest health care company by revenue. The company is ranked 8th on the 2024 Fortune Global 500. [4] UnitedHealth Group had a market capitalization of $460.3 billion as of December 20, 2024.
Step therapy, also called step protocol or a fail first requirement, is a managed care approach to prescription.It is a type of prior authorization requirement that is intended increase insurance company profits at the expense of patient health by forcing patients onto lower cost prescription drugs.
These patterns vary, and are affected by multiple extrinsic factors, including age, prescription drugs, somatic diagnoses, history of neurologic insults/injury/trauma, and substance abuse. The "10" and "20" refer to the fact that the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total front–back or right–left ...
In most countries, a marketing authorisation is valid for a period of 5 years. After this period, one should apply for renewal of the marketing authorisation, usually by providing minimal data proving that quality, efficacy and safety characteristics are maintained and the risk-benefit ratio of the medicinal product is still favourable.
The scalp EEG, while a valuable diagnostic tool, lacks the precision necessary to localize the epileptogenic region. ECoG is considered to be the gold standard for assessing neuronal activity in patients with epilepsy, and is widely used for presurgical planning to guide surgical resection of the lesion and epileptogenic zone.
In the United States, neurologists receive training in performing needle electromyography and nerve conduction studies during a fellowship in clinical neurophysiology or neuromuscular medicine. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians receive this training during their residency.