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The NOAEL is determined or proposed by qualified personnel, often a pharmacologist or a toxicologist. [citation needed] The NOAEL could be defined as "the highest experimental point that is without adverse effect," meaning that under laboratory conditions, it is the level where there are no side-effects. It either does not provide the effects ...
Rifampicin, also known as rifampin, is an ansamycin antibiotic used to treat several types of bacterial infections, including tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium avium complex, leprosy, and Legionnaires' disease. [3]
It contains genes rifG through rifN, which were shown to biosynthesize AHBA.[10] RifK, rifL, rifM, and rifN are believed to act as transaminases in order to form the AHBA precursor kanosamine. [13] [14] "RifH" encodes aminoDAHP synthase that catalyzes the condensation between 1-deoxy-1-imino-d-erythrose 4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. [15]
It is a fixed dose combination of rifampicin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide. [1] It is used either by itself or along with other antituberculosis medication. [1] It is taken by mouth. [1] Side effects are those of the underlying medications. [1] These may include poor coordination, loss of appetite, nausea, joint pain, feeling tired, and numbness ...
Quinolone antibiotics constitute a large group of broad-spectrum bacteriocidals that share a bicyclic core structure related to the substance 4-quinolone. [1] They are used in human and veterinary medicine to treat bacterial infections , as well as in animal husbandry , specifically poultry production .
Rifapentine, sold under the brand name Priftin, is an antibiotic used in the treatment of tuberculosis. [2] In active tuberculosis it is used together with other antituberculosis medications. [2]
[9] [10] [11] However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse [12] and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. [1] [13] [14] [15] Antimicrobial resistance (AMR), a naturally occurring process, is driven largely by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials.
[5] Even common herbs and vegetables like rau răm (Vietnamese coriander), kinh giới (Vietnamese balm), cải cúc (crowndaisy), rau muống (water spinach) [6] are used. [7] The flowers of Magnolia champaca, Jasminum sambac are also employed for their pharmacologic properties. Animal products like silkworms are infrequently used. [8]