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  2. Fuel hedging - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_hedging

    The companies enter into hedging contracts to mitigate their exposure to future fuel prices that may be higher than current prices and/or to establish a known fuel cost for budgeting purposes. If such a company buys a fuel swap and the price of fuel declines, the company will effectively be forced to pay an above-market rate for fuel.

  3. EN 590 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN_590

    The EN 590 had been introduced along with the European emission standards.With each of its revisions the EN 590 had been adapted to lower the sulphur content of diesel fuel – since 2007 this is called ultra-low-sulphur diesel as the former function of sulphur as a lubricant is absent (and needs to be replaced by additives).

  4. Why Do Airlines Hedge Fuel Costs? - AOL

    www.aol.com/news/2013-07-30-why-do-airlines...

    By hedging, airlines restrain their profit growth when fuel prices drop while mitigating the drag of fuel price increases. Airline executives look better to shareholders in the short-run if they ...

  5. Top Tier Detergent Gasoline - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Tier_Detergent_Gasoline

    Top Tier Detergent Gasoline and Top Tier Diesel Fuel are performance specifications and trademarks designed and supported by several automakers. [1] BMW , General Motors , Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , Ford , Acura / Honda , Toyota , Volkswagen , Mercedes-Benz , Navistar , Audi , and Volvo support the gasoline standard, while General Motors ...

  6. Petroleum refining processes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_refining_processes

    Petroleum refinery in Anacortes, Washington, United States. Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil and fuel oils.

  7. Drivers face costly repairs after diesel, unleaded fuel swap ...

    www.aol.com/drivers-face-costly-repairs-diesel...

    Diesel fuel was stored in an underground tank tied to an unleaded gasoline pump at a Circle K in Avon, Ohio, resulting in damages for 14 motorists.

  8. Indirect injection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_injection

    Port injection refers to the spraying of the fuel onto the back of the intake valve, which speeds its evaporation. [1] An indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, either a prechamber or swirl chamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber. The prechamber is ...

  9. Fuel price risk management - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_price_risk_management

    As less fuel is consumed, a smaller cost component is susceptible to fluctuations in fuel prices. The value of this risk reduction can be calculated using the Tuominen-Seppänen method [ 3 ] and its value has been shown to be approximately 10 % compared to direct cost savings for a typical energy efficient building.