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  2. Smith chart - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_chart

    Using the Smith chart, the normalised impedance may be obtained with appreciable accuracy by plotting the point representing the reflection coefficient treating the Smith chart as a polar diagram and then reading its value directly using the characteristic Smith chart scaling. This technique is a graphical alternative to substituting the values ...

  3. Data and information visualization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_and_information...

    Instances: Mosaic plots (also known as Marimekko, or Mekko, charts) Projected (1) frequency and (2) intensity of extreme "10-year heat waves" are connected in pairs of horizontal and vertical bars, respectively. Bars are distinguished by (3) color-coded primary category (degree of global warming). Orthogonal (orthogonal composite) bar chart

  4. Thermodynamic diagrams - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_diagrams

    The main feature of thermodynamic diagrams is the equivalence between the area in the diagram and energy. When air changes pressure and temperature during a process and prescribes a closed curve within the diagram the area enclosed by this curve is proportional to the energy which has been gained or released by the air.

  5. Pinch analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_analysis

    These data are combined for all the streams in the plant to give composite curves, one for all hot streams (releasing heat) and one for all cold streams (requiring heat). The point of closest approach between the hot and cold composite curves is the pinch point (or just pinch) with a hot stream pinch temperature and a cold stream pinch ...

  6. Hockey stick graph (global temperature) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hockey_stick_graph_(global...

    The IPCC Second Assessment Report (SAR) of 1996 featured Figure 3.20 showing the Bradley & Jones 1993 decadal summer temperature reconstruction for the northern hemisphere, overlaid with a 50-year smoothed curve and with a separate curve plotting instrumental thermometer data from the 1850s onwards. It stated that in this record, warming since ...

  7. Composite Bézier curve - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composite_Bézier_curve

    In geometric modelling and in computer graphics, a composite Bézier curve or Bézier spline is a spline made out of Bézier curves that is at least continuous. In other words, a composite Bézier curve is a series of Bézier curves joined end to end where the last point of one curve coincides with the starting point of the next curve.

  8. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    In the bottom-right graph, smoothed profiles of the previous graphs are rescaled, superimposed and compared with a normal distribution (black curve). Main article: Central limit theorem The central limit theorem states that under certain (fairly common) conditions, the sum of many random variables will have an approximately normal distribution.

  9. Water pinch analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pinch_analysis

    The source and sink composite curves is a graphical tool for setting water recovery targets as well as for design of water recovery networks. [5] A 2018 study found by water pinch and water footprint analysis that for bricks with typical materials of clay and shale, the water consumption footprint was 2.02 L of water per brick. [6]