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Using the number density as a function of spatial coordinates, the total number of objects N in the entire volume V can be calculated as = (,,), where dV = dx dy dz is a volume element. If each object possesses the same mass m 0 , the total mass m of all the objects in the volume V can be expressed as m = ∭ V m 0 n ( x , y , z ) d V ...
In mathematics, the "number of elements" in a set is termed cardinality. Countable nouns is a related linguistics concept. Counting numbers, such as number of bits, can be compounded with units of frequency (inverse second) to derive units of count rate, such as bits per second. Count data is a related concept in statistics.
Perfect competition exists where an industry's concentration ratio is CR n = n/N, where N is the number of firms in the industry. That is, all firms have an equal market share. Low concentration – 40% A concentration ratio of close to 0% implies perfect competition at the least. This is only possible in an industry where there is a very large ...
The measurable variables in economics are quantity, quality and distribution. Measuring quantity in economics follows the rules of measuring in physics. Quality as a variable refers to qualitative changes in the production process. Qualitative changes take place when relative of different constant-price input and output factors alter.
Heat loss from industrial processes vary per unit of volume for pipes, tanks and other vessels in a relationship somewhat similar to the square–cube law. [ c ] [ 5 ] In some productions, an increase in the size of the plant reduces the average variable cost, thanks to the energy savings resulting from the lower dispersion of heat.
Bodenstein number: Bo or Bd = / = Max Bodenstein: chemistry (residence-time distribution; similar to the axial mass transfer Peclet number) [2] Damköhler numbers: Da = Gerhard Damköhler: chemistry (reaction time scales vs. residence time)
The ratio of a stock over a flow has units of (units)/(units/time) = time. For example, the debt to GDP ratio has units of years (as GDP is measured in, for example, dollars per year whereas debt is measured in dollars), which yields the interpretation of the debt to GDP ratio as "number of years to pay off all debt, assuming all GDP devoted to ...
Concentration, in chemistry, the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance; Mass concentration (astronomy), a region of a planet or moon's crust that is denser than average; Number density in physics, chemistry, and astronomy