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A 15th-century illustration showing an English herald approaching a troop of Scottish soldiers. The Anglo-Scottish Wars comprise the various battles which continued to be fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland from the time of the Wars of Independence in the early 14th century through to the latter years of the 16th century.
The Treaty of London of 1641 was an agreement between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland which formally ended the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars.. Charles I was king of both countries but, since 1639, Scotland had been under the control of a political faction who opposed the king and were known as the Covenanters.
The Union of the Crowns (Scottish Gaelic: Aonadh nan Crùintean; Scots: Union o the Crouns) [1] [2] was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two separate realms under a single individual on 24 March 1603.
The Treaty of York was an agreement between the kings Henry III of England and Alexander II of Scotland, signed at York on 25 September 1237, which affirmed that Northumberland (which at the time also encompassed County Durham), [1] Cumberland, and Westmorland were subject to English sovereignty.
The Scots agreed to demobilise, free Royalist prisoners and restore royal property. Charles agreed, in turn, to withdraw English forces and, in order to resolve all disputed matters, he would call a General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in August, followed by a Scottish Parliament to ratify its decisions. [1] [2]
The terms of the treaty stipulated that in exchange for £20,000 sterling, [1] the English Crown would recognise: The Kingdom of Scotland as fully independent; Robert the Bruce, and his heirs and successors, as the rightful rulers of Scotland; The border between Scotland and England as that recognised under the reign of Alexander III (1249–1286).
Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk, England's representative at Berwick. The Treaty of Berwick was negotiated on 27 February 1560 at Berwick-upon-Tweed.It was an agreement made by the representative of Queen Elizabeth I of England, the Duke of Norfolk, and the group of Scottish nobles known as the Scottish Lords of the Congregation. [1]