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  2. Philosophical pessimism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism

    The reason why the good has to happen to the same subject is because the miserable cannot feel the happiness of the joyful, and hence it has no effect on him. The reason why the good has to happen at the same time is because the future joy does not act backwards in time, and so it has no effect on the present state of the suffering individual.

  3. Why Does the World Exist? - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Does_the_World_Exist?

    Why Does the World Exist?: An Existential Detective Story is a nonfiction work authored by Jim Holt. He and the book were on the LA Times bestseller list during the last quarter of 2012, and the first quarter of 2013. The book was also a 2012 National Book Critics Award finalist for nonfiction. [1] [2] [3] [4]

  4. History of philosophy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy

    The history of philosophy is the systematic study of the development of philosophical thought. It focuses on philosophy as rational inquiry based on argumentation, but some theorists also include myth, religious traditions, and proverbial lore. Western philosophy originated with an inquiry into the fundamental nature of the cosmos in Ancient ...

  5. Last man - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_man

    The last man (German: Letzter Mensch) is a term used by the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche in Thus Spoke Zarathustra to describe the antithesis of his theorized superior being, the Übermensch, whose imminent appearance is heralded by Zarathustra.

  6. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel

    [246] This is why the history of philosophy, for instance, is integral to philosophy itself, it being literally impossible for early philosophers to think what later philosophers, afforded all the riches of their predecessors, could think – and perhaps, with this distance, work through more thoroughly or consistently. [247]

  7. What Is Living and What Is Dead in Indian Philosophy

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_is_Living_and_What_is...

    Hiriyanna, commenting on this point, notes: A peculiar feature of the system is that it makes jnana or knowledge an attribute of the self, and that too, not an essential, but only an adventitious one...The self thus differs from matter only in that it may become conscious and not that it is itself mental in nature.

  8. Condemnations of 1210–1277 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condemnations_of_1210–1277

    The Condemnation of 1210 was issued by the provincial synod of Sens, which included the Bishop of Paris as a member (at the time Pierre II de la Chapelle []). [3] The writings of a number of medieval scholars were condemned, apparently for pantheism, and it was further stated that: "Neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or ...

  9. Linguistic turn - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_turn

    The linguistic turn was a major development in Western philosophy during the early 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy primarily on the relations between language, language users, and the world.