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Specific energy has the same units as specific strength, which is related to the maximum specific energy of rotation an object can have without flying apart due to centrifugal force. The concept of specific energy is related to but distinct from the notion of molar energy in chemistry , that is energy per mole of a substance, which uses units ...
The depth changes abruptly over a comparatively short distance. Rapidly varied flow is known as a local phenomenon. Examples are the hydraulic jump and the hydraulic drop. Gradually-varied flow. The depth changes over a long distance. Continuous flow. The discharge is constant throughout the reach of the channel under consideration. This is ...
The hydraulic jump is the most commonly used choice of design engineers for energy dissipation below spillways and outlets. A properly designed hydraulic jump can provide for 60-70% energy dissipation of the energy in the basin itself, limiting the damage to structures and the streambed.
Hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, also known as classical jump, is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever flow changes from supercritical to subcritical flow. In this transition, the water surface rises abruptly, surface rollers are formed, intense mixing occurs, air is entrained, and often a large amount of energy is dissipated.
where is the specific energy, is the specific volume, is the specific entropy, is the molecular mass, here is considered a constant (polytropic process), and can be shown to correspond to the heat capacity ratio. This equation can be shown to be consistent with the usual equations of state employed by thermodynamics.
The energy balance of groundwater flow can be applied to flow of groundwater to subsurface drains. [2] The computer program EnDrain [3] compares the outcome of the traditional drain spacing equation, based on Darcy's law together with the continuity equation (i.e. conservation of mass), with the solution obtained by the energy balance and it can be seen that drain spacings are wider in the ...
Hydraulic Flood Retention Basin (HFRB) View from Church Span Bridge, Bern, Switzerland Riprap lining a lake shore. Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage. One feature of these systems is the extensive use of gravity as the motive force to ...
Measuring hydraulic head in an artesian aquifer, where the water level is above the ground surface. Hydraulic head or piezometric head is a specific measurement of liquid pressure above a vertical datum. [1] [2] It is usually measured as a liquid surface elevation, expressed in units of length, at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer.