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The momentum equation for open-channel flow may be found by starting from the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations : ⏟ + ⏟ ⏞ = ⏟ + ⏟ ⏟ + ⏟ where is the pressure, is the kinematic viscosity, is the Laplace operator, and = is the gravitational potential.
The energy equation used for open channel flow computations is a simplification of the Bernoulli Equation (See Bernoulli Principle), which takes into account pressure head, elevation head, and velocity head. (Note, energy and head are synonymous in Fluid Dynamics.
Figure 4: An undular front on a tidal bore. At this point the water is relatively deep and the fractional change in elevation is small. A tidal bore is a hydraulic jump which occurs when the incoming tide forms a wave (or waves) of water that travel up a river or narrow bay against the direction of the current. [16]
Stepped spillways are used to dissipate energy along the chute of the channel. The steps of the spillway greatly reduce the kinetic energy of the flow and therefore reduce flow velocity. Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) stepped spillways have become increasingly popular because of their use in rehabilitating aged flood control dams. [2] Stepped ...
Hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel, also known as classical jump, is a natural phenomenon that occurs whenever flow changes from supercritical to subcritical flow. In this transition, the water surface rises abruptly, surface rollers are formed, intense mixing occurs, air is entrained, and often a large amount of energy is dissipated.
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In open channels, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is valid using the hydraulic diameter as equivalent pipe diameter. It is the only best and sound method to estimate the energy loss in human made open channels.
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