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Evolutionary mechanisms suggesting that reciprocity is the result, not the cause, of the evolution of cooperation [ edit ] In the light of the iterated prisoner's dilemma game and the reciprocal altruism theory failing to provide full answers to the evolutionary stability of cooperation, several alternative explanations have been proposed.
Early explanations of social behaviour, such as the lekking of blackcock, spoke of "the good of the species". [1] Blackcocks at the Lek watercolour and bodycolour by Archibald Thorburn, 1901. Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection acts at the level of the group, instead of at the level of the individual ...
Direct reciprocity was proposed by Robert Trivers as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. [1] If there are repeated encounters between the same two players in an evolutionary game in which each of them can choose either to "cooperate" or "defect", then a strategy of mutual cooperation may be favoured even if it pays each player, in the short term, to defect when the other cooperates.
The book provides a detailed explanation of the evolution of cooperation, beyond traditional game theory. Academic literature regarding forms of cooperation that are not easily explained in traditional game theory, especially when considering evolutionary biology , largely took its modern form as a result of Axelrod's and Hamilton's influential ...
The co-operative behaviour of social insects like the honey bee can be explained by kin selection.. Kin selection is a process whereby natural selection favours a trait due to its positive effects on the reproductive success of an organism's relatives, even when at a cost to the organism's own survival and reproduction. [1]
The main subfields of evolutionary ecology are life history evolution, sociobiology (the evolution of social behavior), the evolution of interspecific interactions (e.g. cooperation, predator–prey interactions, parasitism, mutualism) and the evolution of biodiversity and of ecological communities.
Explanation of the current form of species. How vs. Why Questions: Proximate. How an individual organism's structures function Ontogeny. Developmental explanations for changes in individuals, from DNA to their current form Mechanism. Mechanistic explanations for how an organism's structures work Evolutionary
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth. It is also defined as the study of the history of life forms on Earth. Evolution holds that all species are related and gradually change over generations. [1]