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Cut glass wine glass made of lead glass. Lead glass, commonly called crystal, is a variety of glass in which lead replaces the calcium content of a typical potash glass. [1] Lead glass contains typically 18–40% (by mass) lead(II) oxide (PbO), while modern lead crystal, historically also known as flint glass due to the original silica source, contains a minimum of 24% PbO. [2]
How to Identify Glassware. Perhaps the first thing to know is that it is difficult to discern what kind of glass a piece is, according to Robinson, because glass has been produced in so many ...
Only glass products containing at least 24% lead oxide may be referred to as "lead crystal". Products with less lead oxide, or glass products with other metal oxides used in place of lead oxide, must be labeled "crystallin" or "crystal glass". [4] In the United States it is the opposite - glass is defined as "crystal" if it contains only 1% lead.
This vibrant cut crystal stemware is increasingly on the radar of collectors, and standard sets of six glasses can command prices of $100 and up, while others can run $100 or more per glass.
By the 1870s, glassware could be lead crystal or made from soda-lime, with crystal including lead as a key additive while soda-lime glass excludes lead. Glassware could also be decorated by cutting, engraving, or etching. Bottles continued to be made with low–quality green glass, but some bottles were made with high–quality glass and decorated.
Nickel, depending on the concentration, produces blue, or violet, or even black glass. Lead crystal with added nickel acquires purplish color. Nickel together with a small amount of cobalt was used for decolorizing of lead glass. Chromium is a very powerful colorizing agent, yielding dark green [6] or in higher concentrations even black color.
Lead oxide is the traditional low temperature flux used for crystal glass, but it is now avoided because it is toxic even in small quantities. It is being replaced by other substances, especially boron and zinc oxides. [3] In clay bodies a flux creates a limited and controlled amount of glass, which works to cement crystalline phases together.
According to The Glass Museum, the glow-in-the dark glassware is believed to have been invented by glassmaker Josef Riedel, who used uranium to color glassware in his factory in Bohemia in the mid ...