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Data cleansing may also involve harmonization (or normalization) of data, which is the process of bringing together data of "varying file formats, naming conventions, and columns", [2] and transforming it into one cohesive data set; a simple example is the expansion of abbreviations ("st, rd, etc." to "street, road, etcetera").
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Comma-separated values (CSV) is a text file format that uses commas to separate values, and newlines to separate records. A CSV file stores tabular data (numbers and text) in plain text, where each line of the file typically represents one data record. Each record consists of the same number of fields, and these are separated by commas in the ...
SageMath is an open-source math software, [12] with a unified Python interface which is available as a text interface or a graphical web-based one. Includes interfaces for open-source and proprietary general purpose CAS, and other numerical analysis programs, like PARI/GP, GAP, gnuplot, Magma, and Maple.
Orange – A visual programming tool featuring interactive data visualization and methods for statistical data analysis, data mining, and machine learning. Pandas – Python library for data analysis. PAW – FORTRAN/C data analysis framework developed at CERN. R – A programming language and software environment for statistical computing and ...
Even though the row is indicated by the first index and the column by the second index, no grouping order between the dimensions is implied by this. The choice of how to group and order the indices, either by row-major or column-major methods, is thus a matter of convention. The same terminology can be applied to even higher dimensional arrays.
A common way of handling this situation is quoting input, or uncompressible parts of the input in the output, minimizing the compression overhead. For example, the zip data format specifies the 'compression method' of 'Stored' for input files that have been copied into the archive verbatim. [22]
As an analogy, a page number in a book's index could be considered a pointer to the corresponding page; dereferencing such a pointer would be done by flipping to the page with the given page number and reading the text found on that page. The actual format and content of a pointer variable is dependent on the underlying computer architecture.