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The concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are expressed as parts per million by volume (abbreviated as ppmv, or ppm(v), or just ppm). To convert from the usual ppmv units to ppm mass (abbreviated as ppmm, or ppm(m)), multiply by the ratio of the molar mass of CO 2 to that of air, i.e. times 1.52 (44.01 divided by 28.96).
1 volume percent = 10,000 ppmv (i.e., parts per million by volume) with a million being defined as 10 6. Care must be taken with the concentrations expressed as ppbv to differentiate between the British billion which is 10 12 and the USA billion which is 10 9 (also referred to as the long scale and short scale billion, respectively).
The pCO 2 of Earth's atmosphere has risen from approximately 280 ppm (parts-per-million) to a mean 2019 value of 409.8 ppm as a result of anthropogenic release of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel burning. [citation needed] This is the highest atmospheric concentration to have existed on Earth for at least the last 800,000 years. [1]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 24 January 2025. Gas in an atmosphere with certain absorption characteristics This article is about the physical properties of greenhouse gases. For how human activities are adding to greenhouse gases, see Greenhouse gas emissions. Greenhouse gases trap some of the heat that results when sunlight heats ...
The growth rate from 1990 to 1999 averaged 1.1% per year. Between the years 2000–2009, growth in CO 2 emissions from fossil fuel burning was, on average, 3% per year, which exceeds the growth estimated by 35 of the 40 SRES scenarios (34 if the trend is computed with end points instead of a linear fit). [20]
Prior to the 1950s, measurements of atmospheric CO 2 concentrations had been taken on an ad hoc basis at a variety of locations. In 1938, engineer and amateur meteorologist Guy Stewart Callendar compared datasets of atmospheric CO 2 from Kew in 1898–1901, which averaged 274 parts per million by volume (), [4] and from the eastern United States in 1936–1938, which averaged 310 ppmv, and ...
During the Cretaceous Thermal Maximum (CTM), atmospheric carbon dioxide levels rose to over 1,000 parts per million (ppm) compared to the pre-industrial average of 280 ppm. Rising carbon dioxide resulted in a significant increase in the greenhouse effect, leading to elevated global temperatures. [1]
Regardless of where it was emitted from, emissions are roughly spread across the world and become mixed into a heterogeneous mixture. They are calculated in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb), and parts per trillion (ppt). In 2019, data states that there was 409.8 parts per million of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. [19]