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For example, bcrypt cannot be used to derive a 512-bit key from a password. At the same time, algorithms like pbkdf2, scrypt, and argon2 are password-based key derivation functions - where the output is then used for the purpose of password hashing rather than just key derivation. Password hashing generally needs to complete < 1000 ms.
Example of a Key Derivation Function chain as used in the Signal Protocol.The output of one KDF function is the input to the next KDF function in the chain. In cryptography, a key derivation function (KDF) is a cryptographic algorithm that derives one or more secret keys from a secret value such as a master key, a password, or a passphrase using a pseudorandom function (which typically uses a ...
Source: [4] Function Argon2 Inputs: password (P): Bytes (0..2 32-1) Password (or message) to be hashed salt (S): Bytes (8..2 32-1) Salt (16 bytes recommended for password hashing) parallelism (p): Number (1..2 24-1) Degree of parallelism (i.e. number of threads) tagLength (T): Number (4..2 32-1) Desired number of returned bytes memorySizeKB (m): Number (8p..2 32-1) Amount of memory (in ...
The bcrypt password hashing function requires a larger amount of RAM (but still not tunable separately, i.e. fixed for a given amount of CPU time) and is significantly stronger against such attacks, [13] while the more modern scrypt key derivation function can use arbitrarily large amounts of memory and is therefore more resistant to ASIC and ...
More generally, k-independent hashing functions provide a secure message authentication code as long as the key is used less than k times for k-ways independent hashing functions. Message authentication codes and data origin authentication have been also discussed in the framework of quantum cryptography.
PBKDF2 is for generating an encryption key from a password, and not necessarily for password authentication. PBKDF2 can be used for both if the number of output bits is less than or equal to the internal hashing algorithm used in PBKDF2, which is usually SHA-2 (up to 512 bits), or used as an encryption key to encrypt static data. [5]
Keeper for password hashing. [5] LastPass for password hashing. [6] [7] 1Password for password hashing. [8] Enpass for password hashing. [9] Dashlane for password hashing. [10] [11] Bitwarden for password hashing. [12] Standard Notes for password hashing. [13] Apple's iOS mobile operating system, for protecting user passcodes and passwords. [14]
A universal hashing scheme is a randomized algorithm that selects a hash function h among a family of such functions, in such a way that the probability of a collision of any two distinct keys is 1/m, where m is the number of distinct hash values desired—independently of the two keys. Universal hashing ensures (in a probabilistic sense) that ...