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Screening for prostate cancer may include a digital rectal exam, where the clinician assesses for an enlarged prostate, and/or a blood test to measure a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level.
Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in males with BPH, the condition does not increase the risk of prostate cancer. [8] The prevalence of enlarged prostate, and symptoms of an enlarged prostate, in men of different ages. [9] [10] Graphic from NHS England. [11]
The risk of disease progression and metastasis (spread of the cancer) may be increased, but this increase risk appears to be small if the program of surveillance is followed closely, generally including serial PSA assessments and repeat prostate biopsies every 1–2 years depending on the PSA trends.
Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in men in over half of the world's countries, and the leading cause of cancer death in men in around a quarter of countries. [91] Prostate cancer is rare in those under 40 years old, [92] and most cases occur in those over 60 years, [2] with the average person diagnosed at 67. [93]
Prostate cancer was first described in a speech to the Medical and Chiurgical Society of London in 1853 by surgeon John Adams [42] [43] and increasingly described by the late 19th century. [44] Prostate cancer was initially considered a rare disease, probably because of shorter life expectancies and poorer
Prostate cancer antigen 3 is a urine test that detects the overexpression of the PCA3 gene, an indicator of prostate cancer. [32] [46] [47] [44] ConfirmMDx is performed on tissue taken during a prostate biopsy. The test identifies men with clinically significant prostate cancer who would benefit from further testing and treatment.
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