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A working paper by Robert J. Hodrick titled "An Exploration of Trend-Cycle Decomposition Methodologies in Simulated Data" [10] examines whether the proposed alternative approach of James D. Hamilton is actually better than the HP filter at extracting the cyclical component of several simulated time series calibrated to approximate U.S. real GDP ...
Porous glass is glass that includes pores, usually in the nanometre- or micrometre-range, commonly prepared by one of the following processes: through metastable phase separation in borosilicate glasses (such as in their system SiO 2-B 2 O 3-Na 2 O), followed by liquid extraction of one of the formed phases; [1] [2] through the sol-gel process; or simply by sintering glass powder.
Bottles in different colours Mixed colour glass cullet Public glass waste collection point for different colours of containers. Glass recycling is the processing of waste glass into usable products. [1] Glass that is crushed or imploded and ready to be remelted is called cullet. [2] There are two types of cullet: internal and external.
The calculation of glass properties allows "fine-tuning" of desired material characteristics, e.g., the refractive index. [1]The calculation of glass properties (glass modeling) is used to predict glass properties of interest or glass behavior under certain conditions (e.g., during production) without experimental investigation, based on past data and experience, with the intention to save ...
Also called resource cost advantage. The ability of a party (whether an individual, firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors using the same amount of resources. absorption The total demand for all final marketed goods and services by all economic agents resident in an economy, regardless of the origin of the goods and services themselves ...
The definition of the glass and the glass transition are not settled, and many definitions have been proposed over the past century. [ 23 ] Franz Simon : [ 24 ] Glass is a rigid material obtained from freezing-in a supercooled liquid in a narrow temperature range.
These tendencies could in theory lead to longer-term economic benefits (which may cause GDP growth). [8] [11] There is some evidence that geological disasters do more economic harm than climate-related disasters, in the long term. Geological disasters, such as landslides and earthquakes, happen with little immediate warning and kill many people ...
Note that since utility is not observable, the substitution effect is not directly observable. Still, it can be calculated by referencing the other two observable terms in the Slutsky equation. This process is sometimes known as the Hicks decomposition of a demand change. [2] The equation can be rewritten in terms of elasticity: