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[33] [5] This cholera toxin contains 5 B subunits that plays a role in attaching to the intestinal epithelial cells and 1 A subunit that plays a role in toxin activity. Colonization of the small intestine also requires the toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a thin, flexible, filamentous appendage on the surface of bacterial cells.
Outbreak response or outbreak control measures are acts which attempt to minimize the spread of or effects of a disease outbreak.Outbreak response includes aspects of general disease control such as maintaining adequate hygiene, but may also include responses that extend beyond traditional healthcare settings and are unique to an outbreak, such as physical distancing, contact tracing, mapping ...
Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to clean water. [5] Cholera vaccines that are given by mouth provide reasonable protection for about six months, and confer the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea caused by E. coli. [2]
A cholera vaccine is a vaccine that is effective at reducing the risk of contracting cholera. [10] The recommended cholera vaccines are administered orally to elicit local immune responses in the gut, where the intestinal cells produce antibodies against Vibrio cholerae, the bacteria responsible for the illness. This immune response was poorly ...
Ribbon diagram of cholera toxin. From Ribbon diagram of pertussis toxin. S1 is the A subunit, and S2-S5 make up the B subunit. [3] Ribbon diagram of shiga toxin (Stx) from Shigella dysenteriae, showing the characteristic AB5 structure.
Cholera toxin mechanism. Cholera toxin (also known as choleragen and sometimes abbreviated to CTX, Ctx or CT) is an AB5 multimeric protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. [1] [2] CTX is responsible for the massive, watery diarrhea characteristic of cholera infection. [3] It is a member of the heat-labile enterotoxin family.
"Yaws elimination in India – a step towards eradication" Yaws is a rarely fatal but highly disfiguring disease caused by the spiral-shaped bacterium ( spirochete ) Treponema pallidum pertenue , a close relative of the syphilis bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum , spread through skin to skin contact with infectious lesions.
An outbreak of cholera began in Yemen in October 2016. [2] [3] [4] The outbreak peaked in 2017 with over 2,000 reported deaths in that year alone.[5] [6] In 2017 and 2019, war-torn Yemen accounted for 84% and 93% of all cholera cases in the world, with children constituting the majority of reported cases. [7]