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Vocal cord nodules are bilaterally symmetrical benign white masses that form at the midpoint of the vocal folds. [1] Although diagnosis involves a physical examination of the head and neck, as well as perceptual voice measures, visualization of the vocal nodules via laryngeal endoscopy remains the primary diagnostic method.
A neck mass or neck lump is an ambiguous mass found in the neck area. There are many different possible causes, [ 1 ] including head and neck cancer [ 2 ] and congenital conditions like branchial anomalies and thyroglossal duct cysts .
Laryngeal papillomatosis, also known as recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) or glottal papillomatosis, is a rare medical condition in which benign tumors form along the aerodigestive tract. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] There are two variants based on the age of onset: juvenile and adult laryngeal papillomatosis. [ 3 ]
In oncology, the mass typically refers to a tumor. For example, cancer of the thyroid gland may cause symptoms due to compressions of certain structures of the head and neck; pressure on the laryngeal nerves may cause voice changes, narrowing of the windpipe may cause stridor, pressure on the gullet may cause dysphagia and so on.
Laryngeal cancer begins in the larynx, or "voice box", and is the second most common type of head and neck cancer encountered. [5] Cancer may occur on the vocal folds themselves ("glottic" cancer) or on tissues above and below the true cords ("supraglottic" and "subglottic" cancers, respectively).
Laryngeal cancer may spread by: direct extension to adjacent structures, metastasis to regional cervical lymph nodes, or via the blood stream. The most common site of distant metastases is the lung. Laryngeal cancer occurred in 177,000 people in 2018, and resulted in 94,800 deaths (an increase from 76,000 deaths in 1990).
A large head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma of the tongue as seen on CT imaging Main article: Head and neck cancer About 90% [ 4 ] of cases of head and neck cancer (cancer of the mouth, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, throat and associated structures) are due to SCC.
There are generally four components included in the full diagnosis of a vocal cord cyst: a medical and voice history, a head and neck exam, a perceptual assessment of the voice and imaging of the vocal folds. [11] A medical and voice history can help distinguish patterns of misuse and phonotrauma to assist in diagnosis. [3]