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Because the image sensors in many digital cameras are smaller than the 24 mm × 36 mm image area of full-frame 35 mm cameras, a lens of a given focal length gives a narrower field of view in such cameras. Sensor size is often expressed as optical format in inches. Other measures are also used; see table of sensor formats and sizes below.
35 mm equivalent focal lengths are calculated by multiplying the actual focal length of the lens by the crop factor of the sensor. Typical crop factors are 1.26× – 1.29× for Canon (1.35× for Sigma "H") APS-H format, 1.5× for Nikon APS-C ("DX") format (also used by Sony, Pentax, Fuji, Samsung and others), 1.6× for Canon APS-C format, 2× for Micro Four Thirds format, 2.7× for 1-inch ...
A 50 mm (focal length) lens on an APS-C image sensor format (crop factor 1.6) images a slightly smaller field of view than a 70 mm lens on a 35 mm sensor format camera (full frame sensor). A 80 mm lens (1.6 × 50 mm = 80 mm) with a full frame camera gives the same field of view as this 50 mm lens and APS-C sensor format combination produces.
Log-log graphs of lens focal length vs crop factor vs equivalent focal length for 35 mm film or image sensor size (= the focal length multiplied by a crop factor) vs diagonal, horizontal and vertical angles of view for film or sensors of 3:2 and 4:3 aspect ratios.
Inversely, some manufacturers have recently been able to improve image quality by switching to a lens with a slightly shorter focal length but a much larger sensor. [3] For example, the Vivo X90 Pro+'s 90mm lens still has a 60% larger effective sensor area when digitally cropped to match the field of view of the X80 Pro's 125mm lens. [a]
Drawing showing the relative sizes of sensors used in most current digital cameras. Advanced Photo System type-C (APS-C) is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C ("Classic") format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 30.15 mm field diameter.
The depth of field, and thus hyperfocal distance, changes with the focal length as well as the f-stop. This lens is set to the hyperfocal distance for f /32 at a focal length of 100 mm. In optics and photography, hyperfocal distance is a distance from a lens beyond which all objects can be brought into an "acceptable" focus.
An APS-C type lens often does not have the coverage to cast light on the entirety of a 35mm sensor, causing dark corners in the images. [ 2 ] One common misconception about lenses is that focal length determines the angle of view for a lens, when in reality it is a combination of focal length, lens coverage, and sensor size.