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The choice of how GDP is calculated (e.g. deflator), can materially affect the absolute value of the ratio; [18] for example, the Buffett indicator calculated by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis peaks at 118% in Q1 2000, [21] while the version calculated by Wilshire Associates peaks at 137% in Q1 2000, [22] while the versions following ...
Also acid ionization constant or acidity constant. A quantitative measure of the strength of an acid in solution expressed as an equilibrium constant for a chemical dissociation reaction in the context of acid-base reactions. It is often given as its base-10 cologarithm, p K a. acid–base extraction A chemical reaction in which chemical species are separated from other acids and bases. acid ...
A-values can help predict the steric effect of a substituent. In general, the larger a substituent's A-value, the larger the steric effect of that substituent. A methyl group has an A-value of 1.74 while tert-butyl group has an A-value of ~5. Because the A-value of tert-butyl is higher, tert-butyl has a larger steric effect than methyl. This ...
Tobin's q [a] (or the q ratio, and Kaldor's v), is the ratio between a physical asset's market value and its replacement value. It was first introduced by Nicholas Kaldor in 1966 in his paper: Marginal Productivity and the Macro-Economic Theories of Distribution: Comment on Samuelson and Modigliani .
Definition Named after Field of application Activity coefficient = chemistry (Proportion of "active" molecules or atoms) Arrhenius number = Svante Arrhenius: chemistry (ratio of activation energy to thermal energy) [1]
Values of describe the tendency of to add or . From the definition of reactivity ratios, several special cases can be derived: r 1 ≈ r 2 >> 1 {\displaystyle r_{1}\approx r_{2}>>1\,} If both reactivity ratios are very high, the two monomers only react with themselves and not with each other.
The price-to-book ratio, or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all assets minus liabilities owned by a company). The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same.
In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio (alternatively denoted ) of the mass of that substance to the total mass of the mixture. [1] Expressed as a formula, the mass fraction is: