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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The text is largely an account of a military campaign against the ancient Libyans, but the last three of the 28 lines deal with a separate campaign in Canaan, including the first documented instance of the name Israel in the historical record, and the only documented record in Ancient Egypt. COS 2.6 / ANET 376–378 / EP [3] Bubastite Portal
Codex Gigas, the largest manuscript of the World, 13th century; Codex Sinaiticus, 4th century; Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, 4th century; Codex Bezae, 5th century; Codex Washingtonianus, 4th or 5th century; Dead Sea scrolls; Freising manuscripts, 10th century; The Garland of Howth, late 9th to early 10th centuries; Gospels of Tsar Ivan ...
Some 350,000 manuscripts were transported to safety, and 300,000 of them were still in Bamako in 2022. [16] [17] An international consultation on the safeguarding, accessibility and promotion of ancient manuscripts in the Sahel was held at the UNESCO office in Bamako in 2020. [15] [16]
The bT-scholia have come down to us through two sources: the 11th century T, the "Townleian" scholia, so designated because the manuscript, Townleyanus, was once in the collection of Lord Townley, and a lost manuscript, b, whose descendants include the manuscript known as Venetus B. The bT manuscripts descend from an earlier manuscript, c.
The oldest known scroll is the Diary of Merer, which can be dated to c. 2568 BCE in the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu or Cheops due to its contents.Scrolls were used by many early civilizations before the codex, or bound book with pages, was invented by the Romans [3] and popularized by Christianity. [4]
An illuminated manuscript is a formally prepared document where the text is decorated with flourishes such as borders and miniature illustrations.Often used in the Roman Catholic Church for prayers and liturgical books such as psalters and courtly literature, the practice continued into secular texts from the 13th century onward and typically include proclamations, enrolled bills, laws ...
The earliest surviving manuscripts of the Septuagint (abbreviated as LXX meaning 70), an ancient (first centuries BCE) translation of the ancient Hebrew Torah into Koine Greek, include three 2nd century BCE fragments from the books of Leviticus and Deuteronomy (Rahlfs nos. 801, 819, and 957) and five 1st century BCE fragments of Genesis, Exodus ...