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Childhood-onset nephrotic syndrome differs from the adult nephrotic syndrome in that the former often has a single common cause that typically responds well to steroid treatment. In adults, there are numerous potential causes, which makes an early kidney biopsy necessary to determine the correct diagnosis and treatment plan. [ 4 ]
Primary causes of nephrotic syndrome are usually described by their histology: [21] Minimal change disease (MCD): is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children. It owes its name to the fact that the nephrons appear normal when viewed with an optical microscope as the lesions are only visible using an electron microscope .
Landeros v. Flood was a 1976 court case in the state of California involving child abuse and alleged medical malpractice. [1]In 1971, Gita Landeros, a minor, was seen in the emergency room by Dr. A. J. Flood for injuries inflicted by her mother and the mother's common law husband.
By contrast, nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria and a constellation of other symptoms that specifically do not include hematuria. [6] Nephritic syndrome, like nephrotic syndrome, may involve low level of albumin in the blood due to the protein albumin moving from the blood to the urine. [7]
The murder of Elisa Izquierdo occurred in November 1995 in Manhattan, New York City. [3] Izquierdo was a six-year-old Puerto Rican–Cuban-American girl [2] who died of a brain hemorrhage [2] inflicted by her mother, Awilda Lopez, at the peak of a prolonged and escalating campaign of physical, mental, emotional, and sexual abuse conducted between 1994 and 1995.
Minimal change disease (MCD), also known as lipoid nephrosis or nil disease, among others, is a disease affecting the kidneys which causes nephrotic syndrome. [1] Nephrotic syndrome leads to the loss of significant amounts of protein to the urine (proteinuria), which causes the widespread edema (soft tissue swelling) and impaired kidney function commonly experienced by those affected by the ...
Minimal change disease is characterised as a cause of nephrotic syndrome without visible changes in the glomerulus on microscopy. Minimal change disease typically presents with edema , an increase in proteins passed from urine and decrease in blood protein levels, and an increase in circulating lipids (i.e., nephrotic syndrome ) and is the most ...
After the murder, officials within the department engaged in a willful cover-up of the facts in the case. Terrell's case was considered to have been one of the worst cases of child abuse in history. [2] Lawyer Don Keenan, who sued the state of Georgia on Terrell's behalf, was quoted as saying: Thank God he was dead.