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A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. [2] [3] These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs).
Within intertidal biofilms, trophic interactions exist between microphytobenthos and bacteria. [25] EPS, which are produced by microphytobenthos, act as a trophic resource, but their large size makes them difficult to break down and assimilate. [26]
Replication of early colonizers will be facilitated by the presence of organic molecules in the matrix which will provide nutrients to the algal cells. As the colonizers are reproducing, the biofilm grows and becomes a 3-dimensional structure. [56] Microalgal biofilms consist of 90% EPS and 10% algal cells.
Quorum sensing (QS) is used by bacteria to form biofilms. Quorum sensing is used by bacteria to form biofilms because the process determines if the minimum number of bacteria necessary for biofilm formation are present. The criteria to form a biofilm is dependent on a certain density of bacteria rather than a certain number of bacteria being ...
Biofilms. Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms [ 51 ] and larger formations known as microbial mats . [ 52 ] These biofilms and mats can range from a few micrometres in thickness to up to half a metre in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea.
Dental plaque is a biofilm that attaches to tooth surfaces, restorations and prosthetic appliances (including dentures and bridges) if left undisturbed.Understanding the formation, composition and characteristics of plaque helps in its control. [6]
Composting systems typically include organisms such as fungi that are able to break down lignin and celluloses to a greater extent than anaerobic bacteria. [4] Due to this fact it is possible, following anaerobic digestion, to compost the anaerobic digestate allowing further volume reduction and stabilisation. [5]
Parengyodontium album is a globally distributed fungal species known for breaking down plastics and items of historical importance. [1] [2] Earlier discoveries of the fungus were also found in historical places across the globe, like monuments and museums, being attracted to mainly the materials of stone and paint.