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Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin trepanum from Greek trúpanon, literally "borer, auger"), [1] [2] is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull.
Human skull with evidence of trepanation found at Monte Albán in Oaxaca, Mexico.. Trepanation in Mesoamerica has been practised by a number of pre-Columbian cultures in the Mesoamerican region, dating from at least the mid-Preclassic era (ca. 1500 BCE), and continuing up to the late Postclassic, or ca. 1200 CE.
These pits were filled with ash, stones and potsherds. Some of the human skulls found here had trepanning (bored hole) marks. In many pits, bones of dogs and antlered deer were found along with human skeletons. The skeletons of humans were found in the burial pits in a sitting position along with bones of animals. [3] [10]
A cylindrically shaped core of bone (or bone biopsy) obtained with a bone marrow trephine is usually examined in the histopathology department of a hospital under a microscope. It shows the pattern and cellularity of the bone marrow as it lay in the bone and is a useful diagnostic tool in certain circumstances such as bone marrow cancer and ...
[17] [20] [22] Several theories question the reasoning behind trepanning; it could have been used to cure certain conditions such as headaches and epilepsy. [23] [24] There is evidence discovered of bone tissue surrounding the surgical hole partially grown back, so therefore survival of the procedure did occur at least on occasion. [17]
The first trepanning procedure consisted of different types of tools and techniques: at the beginning the only material that was available for use, it was a sharp and carved rock. The development of The Hippocratic Corpus, written in the fifth century B.C., is the first written source that can be found about trepanning. The aim of the procedure ...
They date from the mediaeval period, probably having been stored after removal, to make way for new graves. This was common in England, but bones were usually dispersed, and this is thus a rare collection. Several of the skulls show marks of trepanning. The ossuary is estimated to contain the remains of around 2000–4000 individuals. [7]
The Manis Mastodon site is a 2-acre (1 ha) archaeological site on the Olympic Peninsula near Sequim, Washington, United States, discovered in 1977.During the 1977-78 [2] excavation, the remains of an American mastodon were recovered with a 13,800-year-old projectile point [3] made of the bone from a different mastodon embedded in its rib.