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Propofol, etomidate and ketamine are common intravenous sedative-hypnotic agents for the induction of TIVA. [19] Their highly lipophilic nature allows the rapid onset of anesthesia upon intravenous injection. [17] It also enables penetration through the blood–brain barrier and effective perfusion to the brain.
To induce general anesthesia, propofol is the drug used almost exclusively, having largely replaced sodium thiopental. [13]It is often administered as part of an anesthesia maintenance technique called total intravenous anesthesia, using either manually programmed infusion pumps or computer-controlled infusion pumps in a process called target controlled infusion (TCI).
Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare syndrome which affects patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of the anaesthetic and sedative drug propofol. It can lead to cardiac failure , rhabdomyolysis , metabolic acidosis , and kidney failure , and is often fatal.
For every one day of delirium, there is a 10% increased risk of death. [6] Medically induced comas that achieve a RASS level of −4 or −5 are an independent predictor of death. [7] Although patients are not sleeping while sedated, they can experience hallucinations and delusions [8] that are often graphic and traumatizing in nature. This can ...
Fospropofol is metabolized in the liver by alkaline phosphatases to propofol, formaldehyde, and phosphate.The hepatic metabolism of this prodrug to an active metabolite means that peak plasma levels of propofol after the administration of a bolus of fospropofol are lower than for an equipotent dose of propofol and also that its clinical effect is more sustained.
Pain during peripheral administration of Propofol can be reduced by using pretreatment lidocaine or a large bore cannula. [8] Midazolam – Apart as a premedication, midazolam can be used as an induction agent at the dose of 0.2 to 0.3 mg/kg. [9]
As an example, consider the use of a 10 hp, 1760 r/min, 440 V, three-phase induction motor (a.k.a. induction electrical machine in an asynchronous generator regime) as asynchronous generator. The full-load current of the motor is 10 A and the full-load power factor is 0.8. Required capacitance per phase if capacitors are connected in delta:
An equianalgesic chart is a conversion chart that lists equivalent doses of analgesics (drugs used to relieve pain). Equianalgesic charts are used for calculation of an equivalent dose (a dose which would offer an equal amount of analgesia) between different analgesics. [1]