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Preventive healthcare strategies are described as taking place at the primal, [2] primary, [13] secondary, and tertiary prevention levels. Although advocated as preventive medicine in the early twentieth century by Sara Josephine Baker, [14] in the 1940s, Hugh R. Leavell and E. Gurney Clark coined the term primary prevention.
In some cases, chemoprophylaxis is initiated to prevent the spread of an existing infection in an individual to a new organ system, as when intrathecal chemotherapy is administered in patients with malignancy to prevent further infection. The use of chemoprophylaxis is limited primarily by two factors: risk and financial costs.
Cancer prevention is the practice of taking active measures to decrease the incidence of cancer and mortality. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The practice of prevention depends on both individual efforts to improve lifestyle and seek preventive screening , and socioeconomic or public policy related to cancer prevention. [ 3 ]
The site's programs range from prevention, screening, and diagnosis to treatment including chemotherapy and the region's only radiation therapy program. The latter makes JCC a tertiary care centre for Ontario. The hospital is a teaching hospital for the Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine at McMaster University.
A primary prevention's goal is to prevent a disease or injury before it has occurred, secondary prevention's goal is to minimize the effects of an illness after it has occurred, and tertiary prevention aims to manage the effects of an illness in the long term. [12]
It is a lead Cancer Centre in southern Alberta for prevention, research and treatment programs and provides many advanced medical services, as well as supportive care for both inpatients and outpatients. The Cancer Centre also conducts research through the Charbonneau Cancer Institute [2] and houses a comprehensive palliative care facility.
Chemotherapy may be given with a curative intent (which almost always involves combinations of drugs), or it may aim only to prolong life or to reduce symptoms (palliative chemotherapy). Chemotherapy is one of the major categories of the medical discipline specifically devoted to pharmacotherapy for cancer, which is called medical oncology. [1] [2]
Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment. [1] Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy including small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies, [2] and PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. [3]