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The C2 fracture accounts for nearly 19% of spinal fractures [10] and 55% of cervical fractures (in patients with head injury). Within C2 fractures, the hangman's fracture accounts for 23% of occurrences while the odontoid or dens fracture accounts for 55% of them. [2]
Because of its proximity to the brain stem and importance in stabilization, fracture or injury to the atlanto-axial joint can cause serious problems. Common trauma and pathologies include (but are not limited to): The dens: significant depression on the skull can push the dens into the brainstem, causing death. The dens itself is vulnerable to ...
Bilateral C2 pars fractures are known as a variant of the hangman's fracture. On an anterior oblique radiograph of the lumbar spine , the pars is the neck of the imaginary Scottie dog; the Scottie dog's eye is the pedicle, [ 3 ] its hindlegs the spinous process, its nose the transverse process, its ear the superior articular facet and its ...
Certain penetrating neck injuries can also cause cervical fracture which can also cause internal bleeding among other complications. Execution by hanging is intended to cause a fatal cervical fracture. The knot in the noose is placed to the left of the condemned, so that at the end of the drop, the head is jolted sharply upwards and to the ...
Type I fracture - Extends through the tip of the dens. This type is usually stable. Type II fracture - Extends through the base of the dens. It is the most commonly encountered fracture for this region of the axis. This type is unstable and has a high rate of non-union. Type III fracture - Extends through the vertebral body of the axis.
[11] [12] The cysts are often multiple, extending around the circumference of the nerve, and can enlarge over time to compress neighboring nerve roots, to cause bone erosion. [13] The cysts may be found anterior to the sacral area and have been known to extend into the abdominal cavity. These cysts, though rare, can be found to grow large ...
Causes can be bone fragments from a vertebral fracture, a tumor, abscess, ruptured intervertebral disc or other lesion. When acute it can cause a medical emergency independent of its cause, and require swift diagnosis and treatment to prevent long-term disability due to irreversible spinal cord injury .
The craniocervical junction region comprises C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) and the lower part of the skull: occipital bone. [19] In case of tumor : chordoma , in the craniocervical junction region, this leads to pressure on the cervical spinal nerves , which results in their improper functioning of the cervical spinal nerves.