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Bilateral C2 pars fractures are known as a variant of the hangman's fracture. On an anterior oblique radiograph of the lumbar spine , the pars is the neck of the imaginary Scottie dog; the Scottie dog's eye is the pedicle, [ 3 ] its hindlegs the spinous process, its nose the transverse process, its ear the superior articular facet and its ...
The C2 fracture accounts for nearly 19% of spinal fractures [10] and 55% of cervical fractures (in patients with head injury). Within C2 fractures, the hangman's fracture accounts for 23% of occurrences while the odontoid or dens fracture accounts for 55% of them. [2]
Cervicocranial syndrome can be caused either due to a defect (genetic mutation [9] or development of diseases later in life) or an injury pertaining to the cervical area of the neck that damages the spinal nerves traveling through the cervical region [10] [7] resulting in ventral subluxation. [11]
Lateral displacement is called lateral listhesis [4] or laterolisthesis. [ 5 ] A hangman's fracture is a specific type of spondylolisthesis where the second cervical vertebra (C2) is displaced anteriorly relative to the C3 vertebra due to fractures of the C2 vertebra's pedicles .
Certain penetrating neck injuries can also cause cervical fracture which can also cause internal bleeding among other complications. Execution by hanging is intended to cause a fatal cervical fracture. The knot in the noose is placed to the left of the condemned, so that at the end of the drop, the head is jolted sharply upwards and to the ...
The facet joints are formed by the superior and inferior processes of each vertebra. The first cervical vertebra has an inferior articulating surface but, as it does not restrict lateral or posterior translation, is not always considered a proper zygoma [9] (zygoma is Greek for "yoke", i.e. something that restrains movement).
A flexion teardrop fracture is a fracture of the anteroinferior aspect of a cervical vertebral body due to flexion of the spine along with vertical axial compression. [1] The fracture continues sagittally through the vertebral body, and is associated with deformity of the body and subluxation or dislocation of the facet joints at the injured level. [2]
The Hangman's fracture which is a fracture of the C2 vertebral body or dens of the cervical spine upon which the skull base sits to allow the head to rotate, can also be associated with atlanto-occipital dislocation. Despite its eponym, the fracture is not usually associated with a hanging mechanism of injury. [13]