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An antagonist is a chemical that acts within the body to reduce the physiological activity of another chemical substance (such as an opiate); especially one that opposes the action on the nervous system of a drug or a substance occurring naturally in the body by combining with and blocking its nervous receptor.
Recent studies in a myriad of systems have shown that most, if not all, neurons release several different chemical messengers. [17] Cotransmission allows for more complex effects at postsynaptic receptors , and thus allows for more complex communication to occur between neurons.
Dopamine can be found in the peel and fruit pulp of bananas. Many plants, including a variety of food plants, synthesize dopamine to varying degrees. [145] The highest concentrations have been observed in bananas—the fruit pulp of red and yellow bananas contains dopamine at levels of 40 to 50 parts per million by weight. [145]
A chemical message is any compound that serves to transmit a message, and may refer to: Hormone, long range chemical messenger; Neurotransmitter, communicates to adjacent cells; Neuropeptide, a protein sequence which acts as a hormone or neurotransmitter. The blood or other body fluids transport neuropeptides to non adjacent target cells, where ...
Plants lack a central nervous system so they rely on a decentralized system of chemical messengers. This allows them to grow in response to factors such as wind, light and plant architecture . Using these chemical messengers, they can react to the environment and assess the best growth pattern. [ 19 ]
The researchers found that, much like brain cells, these other types of cells responded to the chemical signals by switching on a gene associated with memory storage.
Chemical signaling between neurons is mediated by neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, hormones, neuromodulators, and many other types of signaling molecules. Many neurological diseases arise due to an imbalance in the brain's neurochemistry. For example, in Parkinson's Disease, there is an imbalance in the brain's level of dopamine.
These chemical messengers are transported outside of the body and affect neurocircuits, including the autonomous nervous system with hormone or cytokine mediated physiological changes, inflammatory signaling, immune system changes and/or behavioral change in the recipient. [5]