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Metastatic and dystrophic calcification, defined as deposition of calcium salts in normal and abnormal tissues, respectively, can manifest in the lungs. Pulmonary ossification refers to bone tissue formation (calcification in a collagen matrix), with or without marrow elements, in the lung parenchyma. While other organs can be affected by ...
In the lung, granulomas are usually found in the alveolar septa, the walls of bronchi, and along the pulmonary arteries and veins. Granulomas in the airspace, or poorly formed granulomas, suggest an alternative diagnosis such as infection or hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
Pulmonary nodules may be detected on cross-sectional imaging studies performed for an unrelated reason (ie, incidental pulmonary nodule). The major question that follows detection of a pulmonary nodule is the probability of malignancy, with subsequent management varying accordingly.
The initial evaluation typically includes patient history, physical examination, laboratory studies, and granuloma classification based on morphology. This topic will discuss the evaluation and causes of hepatic granulomas.
Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) of the lung (also known as plasma cell granuloma, inflammatory pseudotumor, fibrous histiocytoma, fibroxanthoma, and xanthogranuloma) includes a spectrum of pulmonary lesions.
Colitis associated with CGD occurs in 30 to 40 percent of all patients with CGD regardless of residual superoxide production and genotype [1]. This topic reviews the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and diagnosis of CGD.
The etiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of mediastinal granuloma and fibrosing mediastinitis are reviewed here. The presentation and treatment of pulmonary histoplasmosis and the approach to mediastinal masses are discussed separately.
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by recurrent, life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections and granuloma formation. CGD is caused by defects in the phagocyte nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (phox).
Many patients with hypercalcemia due to granulomatous disease are asymptomatic. Symptoms and signs of chronic hypercalcemia (nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, renal insufficiency, and polyuria due to reduced responsiveness to antidiuretic hormone) may occur.
The diagnosis and treatment of the various histoplasmosis pulmonary syndromes will be reviewed here. The pathogenesis and clinical features of these syndromes and issues regarding histoplasmosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are discussed separately.