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The triune brain is a model of the evolution of the vertebrate forebrain and behavior, proposed by the American physician and neuroscientist Paul D. MacLean in the 1960s. The triune brain consists of the reptilian complex (basal ganglia), the paleomammalian complex (limbic system), and the neomammalian complex (neocortex), viewed each as ...
Scheme of the roof of the fourth ventricle. The hindbrain, rhombencephalon (shaped like a rhombus) or lower brain[1] is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Together they support vital bodily processes.
The purpose of this part of the brain is to sustain fundamental homeostatic functions, which are self regulating processes organisms use to help their bodies adapt. The pons and medulla are major structures found there. A new region of the brain developed in mammals about 250 million years after the appearance of the hindbrain.
The hindbrain connects the rest of the brain to the spinal cord. The size and structure of the avian brain enables prominent behaviours of birds such as flight and vocalization. Dedicated structures and pathways integrate the auditory and visual senses, strong in most species of birds, as well as the typically weaker olfactory and tactile senses.
Medulla oblongata. The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem. [1] It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing. [2]
Diagram depicting the main subdivisions of the embryonic vertebrate brain. These regions will later differentiate into forebrain , midbrain and hindbrain structures. Pons and cerebellum .
Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system) Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system) Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system) Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system) Extended amygdala. Stria terminalis. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Claustrum.
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. It consists of nervous tissue and is typically located in the head (cephalization), usually near organs for special senses such as vision, hearing and olfaction. Being the most specialized organ, it is responsible for receiving ...