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In mathematics (specifically multivariable calculus), a multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of several real variables, for instance, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z). Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in (the real-number plane) are called double integrals, and integrals of a function of three variables over a region ...
In mathematics, an integral is the continuous analog of a sum, which is used to calculate areas, volumes, and their generalizations. Integration, the process of computing an integral, is one of the two fundamental operations of calculus, [ a ] the other being differentiation. Integration was initially used to solve problems in mathematics and ...
The method also is applicable to other multiple integrals. [1] [2] Sometimes, even though a full evaluation is difficult, or perhaps requires a numerical integration, a double integral can be reduced to a single integration, as illustrated next. Reduction to a single integration makes a numerical evaluation much easier and more efficient.
Fubini's theorem. In mathematical analysis, Fubini's theorem characterizes the conditions under which it is possible to compute a double integral by using an iterated integral. It was introduced by Guido Fubini in 1907. The theorem states that if a function is Lebesgue integrable on a rectangle , then one can evaluate the double integral as an ...
Calculus. In calculus, integration by substitution, also known as u-substitution, reverse chain rule or change of variables, [1] is a method for evaluating integrals and antiderivatives. It is the counterpart to the chain rule for differentiation, and can loosely be thought of as using the chain rule "backwards."
Numerical integration has roots in the geometrical problem of finding a square with the same area as a given plane figure (quadrature or squaring), as in the quadrature of the circle. The term is also sometimes used to describe the numerical solution of differential equations.
Simpson's 1/3 rule. Simpson's 1/3 rule, also simply called Simpson's rule, is a method for numerical integration proposed by Thomas Simpson. It is based upon a quadratic interpolation and is the composite Simpson's 1/3 rule evaluated for . Simpson's 1/3 rule is as follows: where is the step size for .
In calculus, the constant of integration, often denoted by (or ), is a constant term added to an antiderivative of a function to indicate that the indefinite integral of (i.e., the set of all antiderivatives of ), on a connected domain, is only defined up to an additive constant. [1][2][3] This constant expresses an ambiguity inherent in the ...