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Venera 4 (Russian: Венера-4, lit. 'Venus-4'), also designated 4V-1 No.310, was a probe in the Soviet Venera program for the exploration of Venus.The probe comprised a lander, designed to enter the Venusian atmosphere and parachute to the surface, and a carrier/flyby spacecraft, which carried the lander to Venus and served as a communications relay for it.
The Venera probes provided direct data regarding Venus' surface and atmosphere while also providing important information on electronics lifetime under Venus' harsh conditions. Venera 4 was the first successful probe, and showed that CO 2 is the main component in Venus' atmosphere.
Missions to Venus constitute part of the exploration of Venus. The Soviet Union , followed by the United States , have soft landed probes on the surface. Venera 7 was the first lander overall and first for the Soviet Union, touching down on 15 December 1970.
Venera 3, launched in 1966, became humanity's first probe and lander to reach and impact another celestial body other than the Moon, but could not return data as it crashed into the surface of Venus. In 1967, Venera 4 was launched and successfully deployed science experiments in the Venusian atmosphere before impacting.
Capsule of Venera-4 in Memorial Museum of Astronautics. The descent capsule of Venera 4 entered the atmosphere of Venus on October 18, 1967, making it the first probe to return direct measurements from another planet's atmosphere. The capsule measured temperature, pressure, density and performed 11 automatic chemical experiments to analyze the ...
Venera 4V-2 (Russian: Венера 4В-2) was a series of two identical spacecraft sent to Venus by the Soviet Union, consisting of Venera 15 and Venera 16. [1] Both uncrewed orbiters were to map the surface of Venus using high resolution imaging systems. The spacecraft were identical and based on modifications to the earlier Venera space probes.
The Venera 4 and Mariner 5 data was subsequently analysed together under a combined Soviet–American working group of COSPAR in 1969, [6] [7] an organization of early space cooperation. [8] With the data of these missions, it was clear that Venus had a very hot surface and an atmosphere even denser than expected.
From 1961 to 1984, the Soviet Union developed the Venera probes for surface mapping by radar. The Venera 4 (on October 18, 1967) was the first lander to make a soft landing on Venus (also the first for another planetary object). The probe operated for about 23 minutes before being destroyed by the Venusian atmosphere.