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Learn about the muscles that contribute to inhalation and exhalation, including the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles. Accessory muscles are muscles that assist, but do not play a primary role, in breathing, and may be activated during respiratory distress.
The respiratory system is a biological system for gas exchange in animals and plants. It consists of specific organs and structures, such as lungs, airways, gills, or stomata, that vary depending on the size, environment, and evolution of the organism.
The respiratory tract is the part of the respiratory system that conducts air to the lungs for gas exchange. The upper airways include the nose, nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, and sometimes the trachea. Learn about their anatomy, physiology, and diseases.
Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment. Learn how breathing is controlled by muscles, how it affects the body's pH and temperature, and what are its other functions such as speech and expression.
Learn about the structure, development, and function of the lungs, the main organs of the respiratory system in most terrestrial animals. The article covers the anatomy of the lungs, their blood supply, their role in gas exchange, and their clinical significance.
The tone of respiratory muscle is believed to be modulated by muscle spindles via a reflex arc involving the spinal cord. Drugs can greatly influence the rate of respiration. Opioids and anesthetics tend to depress ventilation, by decreasing the normal response to raised carbon dioxide levels in the arterial blood.
Learn about the anatomy, function, and variations of the thoracic diaphragm, a sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. The diaphragm is the most important muscle of respiration, and has openings for the aorta, esophagus, and inferior vena cava.
The larynx, or voice box, is an organ in the neck that controls breathing, sound production and food protection. It consists of nine cartilages, muscles and mucous membranes, and can be affected by various diseases and conditions.