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Hypercalcemia of malignancy may also occur due to tumor production of vitamin D or parathyroid hormone. These causes are rare and constitute about 1% of all causes of hypercalcemia of malignancy. [22] Hypercalcemia of malignancy usually portends a poor prognosis, and the medial survival is 25–52 days of its development. [22]
However, excessive ingestion of calcium of more than 10-15 g per day has been reported to cause calcium levels too high for renal calcitriol suppression to control, resulting in net calcium absorption that ultimately causes hypercalcemia. [3] [10] Hypercalcemia affects the kidneys in multiple ways that altogether contributes to hypovolemia.
The most common causes of hypercalcemia are certain types of cancer, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, excessive ingestion of vitamin D, sarcoidosis, and tuberculosis. [3] Hyperparathyroidism and malignancy are the predominant causes. [14] It can also be caused by muscle cell breakdown, prolonged immobilization ...
Most ankle sprains are lateral sprains that occur when the foot rolls, causing the side of the ankle to be pressed to the ground. [7] Small blood vessels rupture in the process and cause the ankle to swell [ 4 ] and damage may also occur to the ligaments, these constituting a short band of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissues holding the ...
In addition to spinal stenosis, other lower back conditions such as spondylosis, tumors, infections and herniated or ruptured discs can cause NC. These conditions contribute to the potential narrowing of the spinal cord, increasing pressure and inducing damage on the spinal nerve roots, thus, causing paing, tingling or weakness in the lower body.
Pain and tingling in and around ankles and sometimes the toes; Swelling of the feet and ankle area. Painful burning, tingling, or numb sensations in the lower legs. Pain worsens and spreads after standing for long periods; pain is worse with activity and is relieved by rest. Electric shock sensations
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is an inherited condition that can cause hypercalcemia, a serum calcium level typically above 10.2 mg/dL; although uncommon. [1] It is also known as familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FBHH) where there is usually a family history of hypercalcemia which is mild, a urine calcium to creatinine ratio <0.01, and urine calcium <200 mg/day ...
Different patterns of muscle weakness or hyperactivity can occur based on the location of the lesion, causing a multitude of neurological symptoms, including spasticity, rigidity, or dystonia. [ 3 ] Spastic hypertonia involves uncontrollable muscle spasms , stiffening or straightening out of muscles, shock-like contractions of all or part of a ...