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For example, to overexpress an important gene in a network, to yield higher production of target protein, synthetic biologists design promoters to upregulate its expression. Automated algorithms can be used to design neutral DNA or insulators that do not trigger gene expression of downstream sequences. [55] [2]
Promoter activity of the P-RM and P-R promoters vs RNA polymerase concentration in the enterobacteriophage lambda [1]. Promoter activity is a term that encompasses several meanings around the process of gene expression from regulatory sequences —promoters [2] and enhancers. [3]
Enhancers control cell-type-specific gene expression programs, most often by looping through long distances to come in physical proximity with the promoters of their target genes. [39] In a study of brain cortical neurons, 24,937 loops were found, bringing enhancers to promoters. [ 36 ]
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes. [1] Activators are considered to have positive control over gene expression, as they function to promote gene transcription and, in some cases, are required for the transcription of genes to occur.
For example, an overactive distal promoter located about 1 kilobase away from the MUC5B gene contributes to atypical expression of this gene in gastric cancer cells. [4] Similarly, a few polymorphisms in the RUNX3 distal promoter alter the promoter's function, increasing the activity of the NF-κB transcription factor and the expression of the ...
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, [1] includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA). Sophisticated programs of gene expression are widely observed in biology, for example to trigger developmental pathways, respond to environmental ...
The layout of cis-regulatory modules can provide enough information to generate spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression. [1] During development each domain, where each domain represents a different spatial regions of the embryo, of gene expression will be under the control of different cis-regulatory modules. [1]
Trans-acting factors in alternative splicing in mRNA. Alternative splicing is a key mechanism that is involved in gene expression regulation. In the alternative splicing, trans-acting factors such as SR protein, hnRNP and snRNP control this mechanism by acting in trans. SR protein promotes the spliceosome assembly by interacting with snRNP(e.g. U1, U2) and splicing factors(e.g. U2AF65), and it ...