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  2. Non-standard cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-standard_cosmology

    After confirmation of the Hubble's law by observation, the two most popular cosmological theories became the Steady State theory of Hoyle, Gold and Bondi, and the big bang theory of Ralph Alpher, George Gamow, and Robert Dicke with a small number of supporters of a smattering of alternatives.

  3. Steady-state model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-state_model

    In the Big Bang, the expanding Universe causes matter to dilute over time, while in the Steady-State Theory, continued matter creation ensures that the density remains constant over time. In cosmology, the steady-state model or steady state theory is an alternative to the Big Bang theory.

  4. Initial singularity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_singularity

    [1] [2] In response to the inaccuracy of considering only general relativity, as in the traditional model of the Big Bang, alternative theoretical formulations for the beginning of the universe have been proposed, including a string theory-based model in which two branes, enormous membranes much larger than the universe, collided, creating mass ...

  5. Plasma cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_cosmology

    Comparison of the evolution of the universe under Alfvén–Klein cosmology and the Big Bang theory. [1]Plasma cosmology is a non-standard cosmology whose central postulate is that the dynamics of ionized gases and plasmas play important, if not dominant, roles in the physics of the universe at interstellar and intergalactic scales.

  6. Tired light - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tired_light

    In such a scale, the Big Bang corresponds to a redshift of infinity. [10] Alternative theories of gravity that do not have an expanding universe in them need an alternative to explain the correspondence between redshift and distance that is sui generis to the expanding metrics of general relativity. Such theories are sometimes referred to as ...

  7. Physical cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology

    The image was an adaptation from various generic charts depicting the growth of the size of the observable universe, for both the standard model and inflationary model respectively, of the Big Bang theory. The early, hot universe appears to be well explained by the Big Bang from roughly 10 −33 seconds onwards, but there are several problems.

  8. Big Bang - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

    The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. [1] The notion of an expanding universe was first scientifically originated by physicist Alexander Friedmann in 1922 with the mathematical derivation of the Friedmann equations.

  9. Conformal cyclic cosmology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_cyclic_cosmology

    Conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model in the framework of general relativity and proposed by theoretical physicist Roger Penrose. [1] [2] [3] In CCC, the universe iterates through infinite cycles, with the future timelike infinity (i.e. the latest end of any possible timescale evaluated for any point in space) of each previous iteration being identified with the Big Bang ...