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Reference ranges for urine tests are described below: Measurement Lower limit Upper limit ... pH: 5 [2] 7 [2] (unitless) Protein: 0: trace amounts [2] Glucose: n/a: 0 ...
Crystals can be identified based on their appearance and the pH of the urine (many types preferentially form at an acidic or alkaline pH). [123] Crystals that can be found in normal urine include uric acid , monosodium urate, triple phosphate ( ammonium magnesium phosphate ), calcium oxalate , and calcium carbonate . [ 124 ]
The standard definition of a reference range for a particular measurement is defined as the interval between which 95% of values of a reference population fall into, in such a way that 2.5% of the time a value will be less than the lower limit of this interval, and 2.5% of the time it will be larger than the upper limit of this interval, whatever the distribution of these values.
Average urine production in adult humans is around 1.4 L (0.31 imp gal; 0.37 US gal) of urine per person per day with a normal range of 0.6 to 2.6 L (0.13 to 0.57 imp gal; 0.16 to 0.69 US gal) per person per day, produced in around 6 to 8 urinations per day depending on state of hydration, activity level, environmental factors, weight, and the ...
Increasing the urine pH to a value higher than 7.0 may increase the risk of calcium phosphate stone formation, though this concept is controversial since citrate does inhibit calcium phosphate crystallization. Testing the urine periodically with nitrazine paper can help to ensure the urine pH remains in this optimal range. Using this approach ...
The anion gap is the quantity difference between cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is calculated to identify metabolic acidosis. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.
Buffer capacity falls to 33% of the maximum value at pH = pK a ± 1, to 10% at pH = pK a ± 1.5 and to 1% at pH = pK a ± 2. For this reason the most useful range is approximately p K a ± 1. When choosing a buffer for use at a specific pH, it should have a p K a value as close as possible to that pH.
Bacteriuria is the presence of bacteria in urine. [1] Bacteriuria accompanied by symptoms is a urinary tract infection while that without is known as asymptomatic bacteriuria. [1] [2] Diagnosis is by urinalysis or urine culture. [3] Escherichia coli is the most common bacterium found. [1]