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  2. Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment

    By the mid-18th century the French Enlightenment had found a focus in the project of the Encyclopédie. [24] The philosophical movement was led by Voltaire and Rousseau, who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine, for a new civil order based on natural law, and for science based on experiments and ...

  3. List of intellectuals of the Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intellectuals_of...

    Parliamentarian and political philosopher, best known for pragmatism, considered important to both Enlightenment and conservative thinking. Joseph Butler: 1692–1752: English: Bishop, theologian, Christian apologist, and philosopher. He also played an important, though under appreciated, role in the development of eighteenth-century economic ...

  4. American Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enlightenment

    The American Enlightenment was influenced by the 17th- and 18th-century Age of Enlightenment in Europe and distinctive American philosophy. According to James MacGregor Burns, the spirit of the American Enlightenment was to give Enlightenment ideals a practical, useful form in the life of the nation and its people. [1]

  5. Science in the Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_in_the_Age_of...

    In fact, restrictions were so severe in the 18th century that women, including midwives, were forbidden to use forceps. [70] That particular restriction exemplified the increasingly constrictive, male-dominated medical community. Over the course of the 18th century, male surgeons began to assume the role of midwives in gynaecology.

  6. Education in the Age of Enlightenment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Age_of...

    The literacy rate in Europe from the 17th century to the 18th century grew significantly. The definition of the term "literacy" in the 17th and 18th centuries is different from our current definition of literacy. Historians measured the literacy rate during the 17th and 18th century centuries by people's ability to sign their names.

  7. Enlightened absolutism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism

    The concept originated during the Enlightenment period in the 18th and into the early 19th centuries. An enlightened absolutist is a non-democratic or authoritarian leader who exercises their political power based upon the principles of the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs distinguished themselves from ordinary rulers by claiming to rule for ...

  8. 18th century - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_century

    The 18th century lasted from 1 January 1701 (represented by the Roman numerals MDCCI) to 31 December 1800 (MDCCC). During the 18th century, elements of Enlightenment thinking culminated in the Atlantic Revolutions .

  9. Physiocracy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiocracy

    Physiocracy (French: physiocratie; from the Greek for "government of nature") is an economic theory developed by a group of 18th-century Age of Enlightenment French economists who believed that the wealth of nations derived solely from the value of "land agriculture" or "land development" and that agricultural products should be highly priced. [1]