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MDMA was also found to have effects on blood sugar levels comparable to high doses of ephedrine. Oberlin concluded that the effects of MDMA were not limited to the sympathetic nervous system. Research was stopped "particularly due to a strong price increase of safrylmethylamine", which was still used as an intermediate in methylhydrastinine ...
Recent research investigating MDMA has revealed the neurotoxic effect of the drug on brain serotonin neurons. [1] [3] [6] [7] [8] Long term and potentially permanent changes to serotonergic axons have been noted in animal and primate studies where they were administered doses of MDMA similar to those taken by some human users.
Along with 3,4-dihydroxyamphetamine (HHA; α-methyldopamine), HHMA may be involved in the serotonergic neurotoxicity of MDMA. [1] [5] [6] [3] However, findings in this regard are conflicting, and the neurotoxicity of MDMA and related agents may instead be based on their mechanism of action without involvement of metabolites. [3] [5] [6] [7] [8]
MDMA has therapeutic potential for the treatment of PTSD. Aitor Diago/Moment via Getty ImagesFor people with post-traumatic stress disorder, recalling memories of physical or sexual assault ...
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy is also currently in Phase 2 trials for eating disorders, [11] anxiety associated with life-threatening illness, [12] and social anxiety in autistic adults. [ 13 ] Psilocybin , a compound in psilocybin mushrooms that serves as a prodrug for psilocin , is currently being investigated in clinical trials of Hallucinogen ...
In the case of serotonergic neurotoxins like MDMA, research suggests that simultaneous induction of serotonin and dopamine release, serotonin depletion, dopamine uptake and metabolism, hyperthermia, oxidative stress and antioxidant depletion, and/or drug metabolites may all be involved in the neurotoxicity.
The stimulant effects of MDMA include hypertension, anorexia (appetite loss), euphoria, social disinhibition, insomnia (enhanced wakefulness/inability to sleep), improved energy, increased arousal, and increased perspiration, among others. Relative to catecholaminergic transmission, MDMA enhances serotonergic transmission significantly more ...
A common theory follows that a metabolite of MDA and MDMA in the periphery must be responsible, and several have been cited as responsible. Although α-methyldopamine is widely cited as the source of this neurotoxicity in a number of lay sources, McCann, et al. (1991), demonstrated that the major metabolites α-methyldopamine and 3- O -methyl ...